{"id":2940,"date":"2016-08-31T19:00:21","date_gmt":"2016-08-31T16:00:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/miningwatch.ro\/sitenou\/?p=2940"},"modified":"2016-11-24T16:22:01","modified_gmt":"2016-11-24T14:22:01","slug":"cum-folosit-o-companie-miniera-din-rusia-un-tratat-de-investitii-canadian-pentru-da-judecata-venezuela-pentru-suma-de-15-mld-usd","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/miningwatch.ro\/en\/cum-folosit-o-companie-miniera-din-rusia-un-tratat-de-investitii-canadian-pentru-da-judecata-venezuela-pentru-suma-de-15-mld-usd\/","title":{"rendered":"Venezuela obligat\u0103 s\u0103 pl\u0103teasc\u0103 1,5 mld USD \u00een urma unui arbitraj interna\u021bional"},"content":{"rendered":"

Cum a folosit o companie minier\u0103 din Rusia un tratat de investi\u021bii canadian pentru a da \u00een judecat\u0103 Venezuela pentru suma de 1,5 mld USD<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Rusoro Mining s-a declarat ieri \u00eenving\u0103toare \u00een r\u0103zboiul juridic de patru ani pe care l-a dus cu guvernul Venezuelei cu privire la na\u021bionalizarea industriei miniere aurifere \u00een 2011. Compania a c\u00e2\u0219tigat 1,3 mld USD de la Centrul Interna\u0163ional pentru Solu\u0163ionarea Disputelor legate de Investi\u0163ii al B\u0103ncii Mondiale (International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes – ICSID).<\/p>\n

Disputa a \u00eenceput \u00een 2011, c\u00e2nd pre\u0219edintele de atunci, Hugo Chavez, a na\u021bionalizat industria minier\u0103 aurifer\u0103 din Venezuela. \u00cen ciuda cooper\u0103rii ini\u021biale cu guvernul, Rusoro a pretins ulterior c\u0103 dreptul s\u0103u de exploatare a fost expropriat f\u0103r\u0103 compens\u0103ri. \u00cen 2012 compania a ini\u021biat un proces de solu\u021bionare a disputelor dintre investitor \u0219i stat (ISDS) \u00eempotriva Venezuelei pe baza Acordului de Protec\u021bie a Investi\u021biilor Str\u0103ine dintre Canada \u0219i Venezuela, solicit\u00e2nd de la guvern 3 miliarde USD pentru \u00eencetarea concesiunilor sale miniere.
\nDe\u0219i nu a ob\u021binut tot ce a solicitat, rezultatul de ieri este oricum un mare c\u00e2\u0219tig picat din cer pentru Rusoro. Pentru a-l cita pe unul dintre finan\u021batorii companiei, decizia ICSID reprezint\u0103 \u201eun rezultat excelent pentru ac\u021bionarii \u0219i creditorii Rusoro\u201d. Dar nu \u0219i pentru Venezuela. Aceast\u0103 \u021bar\u0103 asediat\u0103 este deja pe marginea unui colaps social, economic \u0219i politic. Dac\u0103 va putea s\u0103-i pl\u0103teasc\u0103 \u0219i-i va pl\u0103ti efectiv desp\u0103gubirea companiei Rusoro, r\u0103m\u00e2ne de v\u0103zut.<\/p>\n

Dar de fapt aici nu e vorba despre Venezuela sau Rusoro \u0219i nici m\u0103car despre ICSID. Este vorba despre politica de comer\u021b a Canadei. \u0218i exist\u0103 motive serioase de \u00eengrijorare \u00een leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu acordurile propuse, cum ar fi Tratatul de comer\u021b dintre Canada \u0219i UE \u0219i Parteneriatul Trans-Pacific ini\u021biat de SUA.<\/p>\n

Arbitrajul dintre investitor \u0219i stat<\/strong><\/p>\n

Rusoro a ac\u021bionat \u00een judecat\u0103 guvernul Venezuelei nu prin intermediul sistemului juridic na\u021bional ci prin mecanismul de solu\u021bionare a disputelor dintre investitor \u0219i stat (ISDS) inclus \u00een tratatul de investi\u021bii dintre Canada \u0219i Venezuela.<\/p>\n

ISDS este un proces cvasi-judiciar pentru investitori str\u0103ini (nu este disponibil cet\u0103\u021benilor de r\u00e2nd sau investitorilor na\u021bionali) pentru a contesta m\u0103surile guvernamentale care, dup\u0103 cum pretind ei, \u00eencalc\u0103 obliga\u021biile statului asumate printr-un tratat interna\u021bional sau acord de investi\u021bii. Cu ajutorul ISDS investitorii str\u0103ini pot da \u00een judecat\u0103 guvernele pentru o serie \u00eentreag\u0103 de ac\u021biuni, chiar \u0219i pentru decizii democratice luate \u00een interesul public, iar hot\u0103r\u00e2rea cur\u021bii este aplicat\u0103 prin intermediul dreptului interna\u021bional.<\/p>\n

Mai mult dec\u00e2t at\u00e2t, cazurile ISDS nu sunt judecate de un tribunal public ci de o comisie privat\u0103, cu scop de profit, format\u0103 din avoca\u021bi de drept interna\u021bional, care sunt p\u0103rtinitori \u00een favoarea investitorului. Uneori aceste tribunale pun la dispozi\u021bia publicului documenta\u021bia, dar nu s-a \u00eent\u00e2mplat a\u0219a \u00een cazul procesului Rusoro.<\/p>\n

Treaty Shopping 101<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mecanismul ISDS \u00een acordurile comerciale ale Canadei este oricum problematic \u00een sine, dar cazul Rusoro merge un pas mai departe. De\u0219i compania este listat\u0103 la Bursa din Toronto \u0219i are sediul oficial \u00een Vancouver, Rusoro este de fapt de\u021binut\u0103 \u0219i gestionat\u0103 de oligarhul rus Andrei Agipov \u0219i de tat\u0103l s\u0103u, Vladimir. Practic, din toate punctele de vedere, Rusoro este o companie minier\u0103 ruseasc\u0103 cu opera\u021bii \u00een Venezuela. Canada este pur \u0219i simplu carapacea legal\u0103.<\/p>\n

Aceast\u0103 tactic\u0103 de \u00eenregistrare a unei companii \u00een \u021bara de unde poate accesa cea mai puternic\u0103 protec\u021bie disponibil\u0103 pe baza tratatelor comerciale – chiar dac\u0103 de fapt nu aduce \u021b\u0103rii gazd\u0103 nicio valoare ad\u0103ugat\u0103 social\u0103 sau economic\u0103 – este cunoscut\u0103 ca \u201etreaty shopping\u201d (\u201eshopping de tratate\u201d). Canada este un loc foarte atractiv pentru \u00eenregistrarea companiilor miniere tocmai pentru c\u0103 a semnat at\u00e2t de multe tratate pentru comer\u021b \u0219i investi\u021bii cu \u021b\u0103ri \u00een curs de dezvoltare bogate \u00een resurse.<\/p>\n

Fiind \u00eenregistrat\u0103 \u00een Canada, Rusoro a putut s\u0103 dea \u00een judecat\u0103 Venezuela pe baza prevederilor unui tratat de investi\u021bii canadian. Majoritatea profitului ob\u021binut din desp\u0103gubirile acordate \u00een urma acestui proces vor ajunge \u00eens\u0103 cel mai probabil \u00eenapoi la ac\u021bionarii ru\u0219i ai companiei.<\/p>\n

Canada \u00een ofensiv\u0103
\n<\/strong>
\nCazul Rusoro nu este unic. Un studiu pe care l-am publicat anul trecut a investigat fiecare caz cunoscut de revendicare ISDS ini\u021biat de investitori canadieni \u00een alte \u021b\u0103ri. Studiul a descoperit c\u0103 \u00een 62% din cazuri era vorba de o companie din domeniul resurselor naturale \u0219i \u00een 58% din cazuri au fost contestate m\u0103suri guvernamentale legate de gestionarea resurselor. Mai mult, 56% din revendic\u0103ri au fost \u00eendreptate \u00eempotriva \u021b\u0103rilor \u00een curs de dezvoltare cum ar fi Venezuela. \u0218i poate \u0219i mai grav dec\u00e2t at\u00e2t, unul din cinci investitori \u201ecanadieni\u201d f\u0103ceau de fapt \u201eshopping de tratate\u201d \u00eentr-un fel sau altul.<\/p>\n

Victoria de ieri a companiei Rusoro este cea mai recent\u0103 manifestare a unui sistem cu probleme profunde. Un singur exemplu, faptul c\u0103 decizia ICSID \u00een acest caz va \u00eencuraja mai multe corpora\u021bii multina\u021bionale s\u0103 exploateze lacunele tratatelor interna\u021bionale pentru a lansa revendic\u0103ri masive de desp\u0103gubiri \u00eempotriva unor guverne aflate \u00een dificultate.<\/p>\n

Din p\u0103cate, \u00een ciuda dovezilor cople\u0219itoare privind costurile sociale ale ISDS, Canada continu\u0103 s\u0103 pun\u0103 paie pe foc. Tratatele propuse acum, cum ar fi CETA \u0219i TPP, amenin\u021b\u0103 s\u0103 extind\u0103 \u00een mod dramatic sfera de cuprindere a ISDS, at\u00e2t \u00een \u021bar\u0103 c\u00e2t \u0219i \u00een str\u0103in\u0103tate. Nu numai c\u0103 \u0219i mai multe \u021b\u0103ri \u00een curs de dezvoltare vor fi expuse riscului de c\u0103tre companiile \u201ecanadiene\u201d militante din domeniul resurselor, dar \u0219i guvernele canadiene vor fi supuse la \u0219i mai multe amenin\u021b\u0103ri din partea investitorilor str\u0103ini.<\/p>\n

Canada este deja una dintre \u021b\u0103rile cu cele mai multe procese intentate \u00eempotriva sa pe baza ISDS. Este momentul ca negociatorii canadieni pentru comer\u021b s\u0103 reg\u00e2ndeasc\u0103 aceast\u0103 problematic\u0103 \u0219i acest sistem regresiv.<\/p>\n

Hadrian Mertins-Kirkwood este cercet\u0103tor \u00een domeniul comer\u021bului \u0219i energiei \u00een cadrul CCPA. Urm\u0103ri\u021bi-l pe Hadrian pe Twitter@hadrianmk.<\/p>\n

Foto credit:\u00a0Aerial view of gold mining at Imataca<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Cum a folosit o companie minier\u0103 din Rusia un tratat de investi\u021bii canadian pentru a da \u00een judecat\u0103 Venezuela pentru suma de 1,5 mld USD<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2945,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[88],"class_list":{"0":"post-2940","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-blogurile-mining-watch","8":"tag-isds"},"yoast_head":"\nVenezuela obligat\u0103 s\u0103 pl\u0103teasc\u0103 1,5 mld USD \u00een urma unui arbitraj interna\u021bional - Mining Watch Romania<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/miningwatch.ro\/en\/cum-folosit-o-companie-miniera-din-rusia-un-tratat-de-investitii-canadian-pentru-da-judecata-venezuela-pentru-suma-de-15-mld-usd\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Venezuela obligat\u0103 s\u0103 pl\u0103teasc\u0103 1,5 mld USD \u00een urma unui arbitraj interna\u021bional - 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